Difference between revisions of "Aluminium chlorohydrate"
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==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 05:44, 25 November 2009
Aluminium chlorohydrate
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| ? | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | M05 |
| PubChem | ? |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | Al2Cl(OH)5 |
| Mol. mass | 174.45 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of salts having the general formula AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m. It is used in deodorants and antiperspirants and as a flocculant in water purification.
In water purification, where it is usually called polyaluminium chloride, this compound is preferred in some cases because the pH value can be varied according to the exact values chosen for the subscripts n and m in the pattern formula. Although many variations are used, an especially important combination is Al12Cl12(OH)24. The actual pH correlates to the formula m/(3n).
Structure
Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterise. However, techniques such as Gel permeation chromatography, X-ray crystallography and 27Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar [1] and Laden [2] to show that the material is based on Al13 units with a Keggin ion structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminium complexes.
Synthesis
Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with hydrochloric acid. A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including aluminium metal, alumina trihydrate, aluminium chloride, aluminium sulfate and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as sodium/calcium/magnesium chloride or sulfate.[3]
Because of the potential explosive hazard of mixing aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting aluminium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100 °C using steam in an open mixing tank. The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC n to m ratio.
Safety
The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al2Cl(OH)5. There is no scientific evidence supporting widespread rumors that aluminium salts in deodorants can cause Alzheimer's disease or breast cancer. Amongst others, research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute[4] found no evidence whatsoever that these compounds increase the risk of breast cancer. However, aluminium is a neurotoxin that alters the function of the blood-brain barrier[5], and it is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells.
Synonyms
- Aluminium hydroxychloride
- Aluminium chlorhydroxide
- Aluminium chloride basic
- Aluminium chlorohydrol
- Polyaluminium chloride
See also
External links
- D09, M05
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0024
- IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 194: Aluminium
References
- ↑ L.C. Rowsell and L.F. Nazar. "Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminum Cluster [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+ and Its d-Keggin Moiety".
- ↑ Karl Laden and Carl B. Felger. Antiperspirants and Deodorants (Cosmetic Science & Technology).
- ↑ Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride, B408-93 ed.; American Water Works Association, 1993
- ↑ Dana K. Mirick, Scott Davis, David B. Thomas (October 16, 2002). Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 20, 1578-1580. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
- ↑ Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in mem...[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1989] - PubMed Result
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